A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment Technologies for Household Use
Introduction
This document is designed as a guide for household water treatment, not a recommendation. Before installing a household water treatment system, contact your local health department�s environmental health group for consultation.
Filtration
- Filtration is a physical process that occurs when liquids, gases, dissolved or suspended matter adhere to the surface of, or in the pores of, an absorbent medium.
- Filtration of contaminants depends highly on the amount of contaminant, size of the contaminant particle, and the charge of the contaminant particle. Depending on the household�s water needs, pretreatment before filtration may include the addition of coagulants and powdered activated carbon, adjustments in pH or chlorine concentration levels, and other pretreatment processes in order to protect the filter�s membrane surface.
Reverse Osmosis Systems
- Reverse Osmosis Systems use a process that reverses the flow of water in a natural process of osmosis so that water passes from a more concentrated solution to a more dilute solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Pre- and post-filters are often incorporated along with the reverse osmosis membrane itself.
- A reverse osmosis filter has a pore size of approximately 0.0001 micron.
- Reverse Osmosis Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing protozoa (for example, Cryptosporidium, Giardia);
- Reverse Osmosis Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing bacteria (for example, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli);
- Reverse Osmosis Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing viruses (for example, Enteric, Hepatitis A, Norovirus, Rotavirus);
- Reverse Osmosis Systems will remove common chemical contaminants (metal ions, aqueous salts), including sodium, chloride, copper, chromium, and lead; may reduce arsenic, fluoride, radium, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, and phosphorous.
Distillation Systems
- Distillation Systems use a process of heating water to the boiling point and then collecting the water vapor as it condenses, leaving many of the contaminants behind.
- Distillation Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing protozoa (for example, Cryptosporidium, Giardia);
- Distillation Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing bacteria (for example, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli);
- Distillation Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing viruses (for example, Enteric, Hepatitis A, Norovirus, Rotavirus);
- Distillation Systems will remove common chemical contaminants, including arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, nitrate, sodium, sulfate, and many organic chemicals.
Ultraviolet Treatment Systems (with pre-filtration)
- Ultraviolet Treatment with pre-filtration is a treatment process that uses ultraviolet light to disinfect water or reduce the amount of bacteria present.
- Ultraviolet Treatment Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing protozoa (for example, Cryptosporidium, Giardia);
- Ultraviolet Treatment Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing bacteria (for example, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli);
- Ultraviolet Treatment Systems have a high effectiveness in removing viruses (for example, Enteric, Hepatitis A, Norovirus, Rotavirus);
- Ultraviolet Treatment Systems are not effective in removing chemicals.
Water Softeners
- Water Softeners use ion exchange technology for chemical or ion removal to reduce the amount of hardness (calcium, magnesium) in the water; they can also be designed to remove iron and manganese, heavy metals, some radioactivity, nitrates, arsenic, chromium, selenium, and sulfate. They do not protect against protozoa, bacteria, and viruses.
Please remember that:
- Point of Use (POU) water treatment systems typically treat water in batches and deliver water to a single tap, such as a kitchen sink faucet or an auxiliary faucet.
- Point of Entry (POE) water treatment systems typically treat most of the water entering a residence. Point of entry systems, or whole-house systems, are usually installed after the water meter.
- The treatment technologies described can be used in conjunction with each other for greater pathogen reduction. The addition of coagulants, carbon, alum, and iron salts to filtration systems may aid in chemical removal from water.
Hygiene
In addition to providing safe drinking water to your household, you can also protect yourself and others from waterborne illness by paying practicing good personal hygiene:
- Wash hands before preparing and eating food, after going to the bathroom, after changing diapers, and before and after tending to someone who is sick. For more information, visit CDC�s Handwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives website.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/household_water_treatment.html
What're your opinions regarding Water Filters?
As most of us understand, water is an extremely precious asset that requires to be cleansed in order to make it potable for human intake. There are various approaches of detoxifying water, which varies from distillation to gravity filtering. These techniques might be utilized for numerous purposes, but there are some special kinds of water filters that we require to learn about.
There are numerous kinds of water filters readily available, and each one has their own advantages and downsides. It is very important to be aware of them to guarantee that the quality of water we consume alcohol is superb.
So, what are these types of water filters? Here are some of one of the most usual ones:
Distillation Refine: This is probably the oldest type of water filtering. Water is distilled by boiling. Because the boiling procedure requires a great deal of warm, it is generally performed in a boiling-water tap. The result is distilled water, which can be made use of for food preparation.
Reverse Osmosis: This is an alternate filtering method that is not dangerous to the setting. It includes positioning a membrane in addition to a storage tank containing water. The first step entails including salt, which protects against the water from separating out from the salt.
Percolation Refine: Percolation is commonly made use of as a method of eliminating impurities. This technique involves requiring the water through a filter, which turns the pollutants right into carbon dioxide and also water. The last procedure after that is filteringed system.
Gases: This is a prominent approach of filtration since it does not make use of any type of electrical power. In this process, water is mixed with a driver, which triggers gas bubbles to form and then stop. These are minimized to bits, which are after that allowed to pass through a filter.
Pellet Filters: This is a more recent filtration technique that is coming to be more prominent among individuals that have actually had low quality water. The system works by pumping the water with a membrane which contains sludge, which permits the water to pass through it.
Micro Filters: This technique utilizes a tiny filter to get rid of chemicals from water. It works using some cells containing bacteria, which transforms the chemicals into harmless by-products.
Electro-chemical Filters: This procedure cleanses water by liquifying chemical impurities. It can get rid of huge quantities of minerals as well as debris from water.
Electrodialysis Filters: This is an ultra-modern approach of filtering system water, which is commonly made use of in water treatment plants. It uses an electric existing to make water pass through a membrane layer, where it is made to pass through negatively charged materials.
So there you have it, there are lots of kinds of water filters that you can discover. By learning more about the kinds and also utilizing the right one for your functions, you can be certain that you'll have click clean, safe water.
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